Legal Aspects of Supply Chain Management Essay - 2010 Words

Legal Aspects of Supply Chain Management Internet has definitively changed the relationships of the company with the different business partners of the supply chain. E-Commerce/E-Business is any ‘net’ business activity that transforms internal and external relationship to create values and exploit market opportunities driven new rules of the connected economy.†(Damanpour 2001). It refers to all forms of business activities conducted across the internet. This can include E-tailing, B2B, intranets and extranets, online advertising (e.g. advertising banners), and simply online presences of any form that are used for some type of communication (customer service for example). With internet the†¦show more content†¦Contracting via internet involves some problems and issues such as the validity of a contract in the web, the e-signature, which jurisdiction and law may apply to you and the problem of the taxation. I explored some problems of contracting online. The article 5 chapter II of the EU directive 2000/EC explains that before contracting, general information about the seller must be provided. â€Å"As there is no place to negotiate, a website should make clear where a business is located e.g. by ensuring all main entry and information pages on the site include the companys location† and â€Å"give a list of applicable terms and conditions† (Elborne 2000). The seller must provide his name, geographic and electronic address, full price etc. and â€Å"where the activity is subject to an authorisation scheme, the particulars of the relevant supervisory authority†Ã‚ ². The buyer must have complete information of the service provider and must be able to contact him rapidly. Basically the law of traditional contract must be applied in the same way in the electronic commerce however in internet is to know when and where the contract is formed. The seller should â€Å"make clear the procedure that must be followed be fore the contract is formed† (Elborne 2000). The acceptance of the offeree is very important because without acceptance there is no contract. In UK, theShow MoreRelatedAspects Of Supply Chain Management1209 Words   |  5 PagesAspects of Supply Chain Management Introduction The basic reason for negotiating a contract is to reduce risk, and establish who bears the cost of the risk incurred. Identifying the responsibility of the parties and avoiding finger pointing when a business operation goes bad. Perkins (2008), in studying risk and reward contracts states that risk and reward contracts are highly specialized, and require careful and creative management to create. In constructing a risk and reward contract they takeRead MoreLogistics And Supply Chain Management1379 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology and the consulting firms that service them, they are scrambling to hire people with Supply Chain expertise, but these experts are hard to come by. Supply Chain Management has moved from a necessary evil to a core competency at companies across industries. I am applying for admission to the Master of Logistics and Supply Chain Management because I want a career in the Supply Chain Management. In particular, I am interested in factors that affect the competitive performance of a businessRead MoreGlobal Nature And Systemic Impact On The Firm s Financial Performance968 Words   |  4 Pagesfinancial performance, the supply chain arguably faces more risk than other areas of the company. Risk is a fact of life for any supply chain, whether it’s dealing with quality and safety challenges, supply shortages, legal issues, security problems, regulatory and environmental compliance, weather and natural disasters, or terrorism. There’s always some element of risk. Companies with global supply chains face additional risks, including, but not limited to, longer lead times, supply disruptions causedRead MoreApple s Supply Chain Is A Huge Reason For Its Success1539 Words   |  7 PagesApple’s supply chain is a huge reason for its success. However, just because they’re prospering now, it doesn’t mean that they can just sit back and rest on their laurels. There may be certain competitors or market forces that come into play in the future which will force Apple to either adapt their ways of doing business or get left behind. High tech industries tend to be very volatile. Doing market research slows down the actual release of their products and could be detrimental dependingRead MoreRole Of Procurement And Supply Chain Management Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesRole of Standards in Procurement and Supply Chain Management Procurement and supply chain are two critical aspects of organizational performance. Stiff competition in the market has called for the need for companies to strive towards streamlining their operations to meet the unique demands of their clients. One important path that has been pursued by a number of companies is the adoption of acceptable standards of operations in their procurement and supply chain. The mechanics of purchasing and allRead MoreSwot Analysis : Value Chain1514 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Value chain analysis has proven to be a useful tool for knowing how an organization can create the greatest value for its customers. Michael Porter (1985) in his book competitive advantage states that â€Å"understanding how a business creates value are essential elements for developing a competitive advantage.† [1]. According to porter (1985) value chain is â€Å"the process view of an organization, the idea of seeing an organization as a system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformationRead MoreStrategic Management : Mission And Objectives1176 Words   |  5 Pagestables, all aspects of each category were taken into account to calculate the weighted score. With the SFAS, it only takes the strongest aspects of each category. It also calculates the duration of each factor. As with the other analysis summary’s, industry standard remains at 3.0. According to the calculation table below, Starbuck’s SFAS, weighted score is at 3.2. This indicates th at although, they are leaders in the industry they need to remain diligent in their strategic management. ReviewRead MoreNike Macro Environmental Analysis Essay699 Words   |  3 Pages Mahendranath Gunti BUS 510 - Marketing Management Westcliff University Instructor: Dr. Geraldine Goodstone Nike is a global brand headquartered in the United States, Europe, and the Asia Pacific region, specialized in the manufacturing of athletic apparel, footwear, accessories and equipment. Nike products can be found in over 20,000 retail stores. This paper focuses on the six macroeconomic factors (political, Economic, Social, Technology, Legal and Environmental) that impacts Nike’s productsRead MoreReckitt Benckiser Supply Chain in Practice: Challenges and Recommendations.1465 Words   |  6 Pagesis ranked as the number two anti-acne treatment worldwide. The company s Air Wick is ranked second in the air care segment worldwide. This strong portfolio of brands significantly fuels the revenues and profitability of the company. In terms of management structure, it is organized in such a way that there are three areas in the world: Europe, which includes Eastern Europe and Turkey; the Americas—North America plus Australia and New Zealand, which are very similar markets; and are called the â€Å"developingRead MoreThe Law And Prescribed Standards Of Behavior1440 Words   |  6 PagesRunning a business today isn’t just about making as much money as possible. All aspects of what a business does need to be compliant with all of the legal requirements as well as ethically and environmentally responsible. To do this it is necessary to utilize up to date technology and associate with suppliers and companies that have the same standards. 2.0 Corporate Social Responsibility All businesses should comply with all of the laws and regulations that are relevant to the type business

Should Marijuana Be Legal - 3165 Words

Marijuana has a number of names, however, there are a few which have gained notoriety and are crucial to understand if one is to appreciate stoner literature or life style. Marijuana Marijuana is in many ways the original name. When Spanish immigrants came into the US they brought marihuana with them for both spiritual and recreational purposes.This is the technical name, the one you ve learned in DARE programs and seen plastered all over the internet in anti-drug campaigns. Typically, this is an accurate representation of who uses this name officials of some sort who do not actually smoke marijuana. Stoners usually employ second nature pet names or only use the term marijuana if they feel lazy or want to be either especially†¦show more content†¦Recently and perhaps paradoxically, cannabis has become the technical name for marijuana that professionals interested in psychedelic research, or psychonauts, will employ. This is because cannabis is a term for respect without all the negative attachments marijuana holds. WORKS CITED Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-920687-2 Ganja Summary The Archives of General Psychiatry published a landmark study in 2010 that found early marijuana use is associated with psychosis-related outcomes in young adults. When teenagers had used marijuana by the age of 15, researchers in Australia concluded that a statistically significant percentage of them developed psychosis by early adulthood. Since the researchers only looked at paired siblings, they reduced or eliminated the effects of genetic and environmental factors that may have skewed previous studies, an effect known as residual confounding. The researchers from Queensland stated bluntly: the longer the duration since first cannabis [marijuana] use, the higher the risk of psychosis-related outcomes. The study, entitled Association Between Cannabis Use and Psychosis-Related Outcomes Using Sibling Pair Analysis in a Cohort of Young Adults, measured non-affective psychosis, hallucinations, and PetersShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?1609 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Fingarson English 11 March 9th, 2017 Junior Research Paper: Marijuana Should Be Legal. According to world recognized American Scientist Carl Sagan â€Å"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insights , sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world†. These are just some of the benefits of Marijuana along with many others. All you have been taught about cannabis inRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1060 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Sstates (Wagner).. Marijuana is commonly used becauseThis it is because marijuana is easy to get and doesn’t have the visibly dangerous effects that other drugs like cocaine and heroine have. However,But does that mean marijuana is harmless to the human body? There are some people and studies that believe it is harmlessso. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, wrote the following: â€Å"Frequent marijuana useRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pages smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowan, a professor at Boston College and expert in the field of marijuana legalization. While many peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1230 Words   |  5 PagesCannabis Can The marijuana movement is more prevalent now than ever. Just recently, two other states have joined Colorado and Washington in the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana. On the other hand, the state of Florida did not pass the bill to approve medical marijuana. Although more and more states have begun to see the benefits in legalizing marijuana, many states maintain the view that smoking marijuana is criminal despite the many advantages it poses. Marijuana offers medical andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesof the topics; write a thesis statement and complete the introduction 1. Marijuana should be legal, because it is harmless, and it is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases. - Marijuana should be legal due to its variety of health benefits - Marijuana is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases - Marijuana legalization would help boost the economy Thesis Statement: Why shouldn’t marijuana be legal due to its variety of health benefits, its effectiveness for combating manyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?864 Words   |  4 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. Marijuana smoking remains the most prevalent form of illicit drug use in the United States and has even been legalized medicinally in twenty-four states. Four of these states, including Colorado and Washington, have legalized marijuana for recreational use. This means that it is treated like a controlled substance, like alcohol or tobacco, and anyone theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1630 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana has been a hot topic of conversation over the last few years, as some states in America have legalized it medically and recreationally. By discussing the legal aspect of marijuana, the economic benefits, medical usage and how marij uana affects the family, we can see the positive and negative impact that marijuana has on sociology. Except for a few select states, marijuana usage, sale and distribution of marijuana is in some manner illegal. As a result, there is immense legal considerationsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1610 Words   |  7 PagesSince the very first day marijuana began dominating our country over 30 years ago, federal control of the drug has been the topic of an continuing arguments. Marijuana is a crushed up blend of dried out herbs, seeds and stems of the plant cannabis. Most people inhale it in the shape of cigarettes for pleasure and relief. Should marijuana be made legal? Advocates of the drug argue that there are multiple medical advantages and that tobacco and alcohol are far more harmful for us than the drug itselfRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhos is, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Be Legal? In order to start a discussion about whether marijuana should be legal, we must first begin with the history of marijuana. How long has marijuana been around? The earliest recorded use of marijuana is from the island of Taiwan off the coast of mainland china over 10,000 years ago in the Stone Age (Marijuana, 2014). They wove their clothes and made their shoes from hemp. The first paper was made from a combination of crushed hemp fibers and mulberry tree bark. This

Angiotensin II- and Salt-Induced Kidney Injury

Questions: 1. What are the novel findings the manuscript Angiotensin II- and Salt-Induced Kidney Injury? 2. What is the effect of low and high salt on blood pressure and kidney function in normal mice (C57)? 3. What is the mechanism of actions of hydralazine and eplerenone? 4. Why there is an increase level of plasma aldosterone in THM mouse model? 5. What are the mechanisms involved in Ang II/salt-induced nephropathy? 6. What did you find most difficult or interesting regarding the assignments? Answers: 1. The novel findings in Angiotensin II- and Salt-Induced Kidney Injury is that activation of Rac-1/ MR cascade is responsible for the renal dysfunction. The Rac-1 and MR cascade activated by the increasing the concentration of plasma aldosterone and to inhibit renal injury, a selective mineralocorticoid (MR) inhibitor such as eplerenone or adrenalectomy found to beneficial in deactivating MR signaling. 2. The effect of low and high salt concentration on blood pressure and kidney function in normal mice (C57) is that systolic blood pressure (SBP) and urinary albumin excretion showed no significant changes in C57 as compared to THM-HS mice. This relates that Ang II with high salt concentration is responsible for salt sensitivity of BP and kidney injury, not high salt concentration alone. 3. Eplerenone is a selective mineralocorticoid (MR) inhibitor. The PAI-1, CTGF, Sgk-1 are the effectors of MR signalling in the kidney. MR signalling also activated by increasing salt concentration. The renal dysfunction and MR activation is dependent on plasma aldosterone status. It inhibit MR activation and hence reduced albuminuria. Hydralazine helps to lower systolic blood pressure but does not improve condition related to salt induced albuminuria, podocyte injury or renal abnormalities. 4. The plasma aldosterone levels were increased in THM-LS mice as compared to C-57, because high concentration of salt reduces plasma aldosterone concentration but activated renal RAC-1 MR cascade and thus caused renal dysfunction. 5. Adrenalectomy suppressed the activation of both Rac-1 and MR signalling cascade. Therefore, aldosterone/MR system is involved in the Ang II/salt-induced nephropathy. The effect of adrenalectomy and aldosterone supplementation was examined in TMS-HS. The adrenalectomy reduced plasma aldosterone and thus reduced BP and prevented albuminuria, whereas aldosterone supplementation increases plasma aldosterone and thus BP increases and caused renal dysfunction. 6. The most interesting part is to reveal the action of the Rac-1/ MR cascade, that is, how Rac-1/ MR cascade gets activated and causes renal dysfunction and how renal dysfunction caused by Ang II/ salt. The most difficult part is to understand the mechanism of Mineralocorticoid cascade in the renal dysfunction and to interpret the data in finding out the causative agent of renal dysfunction. References: 1. Kawarazaki W. (2012). Angiotensin II- and Salt-Induced Kidney Injury through Rac1-Mediated Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 23, pp. 9971007.2. Nagase M. (2010). Activation of the aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor system in chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome. Clin Exp Nephrol. 14, pp. 303314.3. Shibata S., Nagase M., Yoshida S., Kawarazaki W. (2008). Modification of mineralocorticoid receptor function by Rac1 GTPase: Implication in proteinuric kidney disease. Nat Med. 14, pp. 13701376.4. Lea W. (2009). Aldosterone antagonism or synthase inhibition reduces endorgan damage induced by treatment with angiotensin and high salt. Kidney Int. 75, pp. 936944.

Such as in many parts of Africa Essay Example For Students

Such as in many parts of Africa Essay Marriage payments occur in many different forms throughout the world. They take many different forms and so it is rather difficult to give any general descriptions of how they work. However, speaking very broadly, two main contrasting types of payment stick out: bridewealth and dowry. In decades past, anthropologists, such as Nair and Mandelbaum, seem to have placed these two forms of property transmission at opposite ends of a scale. In simple terms, bridewealth was seen as payment from the groom or his kin to the family of his wife, while a dowry was defined as a payment from the brides kin to the groom or his family. Each form of payment was seen as being representative of other values of the society: specifically, what worth was placed on womens labour. It was thought that in societies where farming tools were basic (predominantly hoes) and land was freely available (such as in many parts of Africa), bridewealth was the more likely form of marriage payment, as there would be plenty of land for women to be put to productive work on. We will write a custom essay on Such as in many parts of Africa specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Therefore, a bride-to-bes family would desire compensation for the loss of a worker. In contrast to this, it was thought that in more densely populated regions, where land had more value and more efficient farming methods (i. e. ploughs) were used, dowries were more likely to be paid. This was because it was thought that women would have less of a productive role to play, as the men could handle all of the farm work, and so a husband would be paid to take on the economic liability of a woman. As Goody points out, this is something of a black and white view, and the two systems cannot really be seen as being in strict opposition to one another, as bridewealth does not go to the bride, but to her kin ; it is wealth for, not to, the bride, while dowry does not go to her kin, but to the bride herself, sometimes to her husband (a least for safekeeping), or even to both spouses jointly (Goody, p6). The systems may be in contrast but they do not diametrically oppose one another. Neither does it seem correct to say that marriage payments are purely reflections of a womans work value. For one thing, Dowry can be seen as a type of pre-mortem inheritance to the bride (Goody, p1). If this is taken to be the case, then the father is not so much providing the groom with money to take away an unproductive female, as giving his daughter her due part of his estate at the time when she leaves the natal home to start a family of her own. Not all anthropologists accept this point. Sharma is sceptical of the idea that dowry can legitimately be seen as a form of inheritance in the North Indian Hindu societies where she did her fieldwork, claiming that dowry property is not womens wealth, but wealth that goes with women (Sharma, p70). She does acknowledge that in certain cultures (i. e. in Greece) it may be accurate to see dowry as inheritance but disputes its applicability to Hindu society, despite the fact that Hindus themselves verbally subscribe to it. She points out that the dowry does not represent a fixed share of a particular divisible estate; the amount is fixed with reference to the state of the marriage market and the brides familys circumstances at the time of marriage (Sharma, p70). Sharma is quite insistent that dowry is not paid to the bride herself but to her husbands family (Sharma, p70). She says that any property that moves with the bride will largely come under the control of her mother-in-law. While this may practically seem to be the case, one does wonder whether we simply see it this way due to ethnocentric blinkers, something Sharma herself touches on. .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .postImageUrl , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:hover , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:visited , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:active { border:0!important; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:active , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetically Engineered Food EssayShe mentions the conflict between the modern, western individualistic notion of property and the conventional ideology in North Indian society, (where) property accrues to the household as a corporate group rather than to individual persons (Sharma, p62). While the property may move out of the direct control of the bride, the attitude with which this happens seems open to debate. It may be that the mother-in-law simply takes advantage and seizes control. However, it could equally be the case that the property genuinely passes to the family as a unit.

Design and Experimental Research of Electronically Controlled Common Rail System for Diesel Engines †Engineering Research Paper

Design and Experimental Research of Electronically Controlled Common Rail System for Diesel Engines – Engineering Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Design and Experimental Research of Electronically Controlled Common Rail System for Diesel Engines Engineering Research Paper ABSTRACT The electronically controlled common rail system presents many advantages, because the injection timing and common rail pressure can be controlled independently. An electronic control unit(ECU) to realize control functions is developed, and serious experiments about the injection system are conducted. The purpose of this project is to study the factors that affect injection characteristics. The results indicate that the injector has faster response when the common rail pressure rises, increasing the injection rate. One the other hand, the extension of control pulse width adds the valve open time, which increases the injection duration. The flexible injection characteristics can be acquired by controlling common rail pressure and pulse width coordinately. 1.INTRODUCTION With the increasing concern of the environment and more stringent government regulation on exhaust emissions, the reduction of engine emissions is a major research objective in engine development. In order to improve the engine’s emission performance, various technologies are adopted such as electronically controlled common rail system, clean alternative fuel, high efficient combustion organization, advanced turbo charging, exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) and advanced after treatment technology. The harmful emissions are generated in combustion process, so realizing ideal injection characteristics is one of the key aspects to improve combustion and reduce emissions. Electronically controlled common rail fuel injection system has been accepted as one leading technology in diesel engines, and this system has the following advantages: (1)The injection pressure and injection quantity can be adjusted and acquired flexibly. With high injection pressure independent of engine load and speed, the NOx and PM emissions can be minimized to meet the requirement of emissions regulation and optimize the engine performance. (2)The common rail installed between oil pump and injectors functions as a reservoir, and the fluctuation of oil from oil pump is stabled in the common rail, so the disturbance between injectors is decreased greatly. (3)Exact injection timing and injection duration can be realized with electronic control unit (ECU) over the entire engine load and speed range. (4)It is easy to package this system to a traditional diesel engine without much change. This paper discusses the configuration of an electronically controlled common rail system based on Caterpilar HEUI (Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injection) injector, and introduces the development of ECU hardware and software. Long tube method is used to investigate the characteristics of the fuel injection system, and the result shows how the common rail pressure and control pulse affect the injection characteristics, which provides the foundation of soft engine control. 2. SYSTEM OPERATION Figure 1 is a schematic of the electronically controlled common rail system based on HEUI injector. This system is comprised of oil and fuel adjusting structure, HEUI injector, electronic control unit(ECU) and various sensor. Note this system incorporates two fluid circuits, fuel and oil. The fuel circuit provides fuel to the injector. The fuel transfer pump draws fuel from the fuel tank and delivers it through a filter to the injector. System pressure is 0.2MPa typically. The oil circuit generates high pressure oil needed for HEUI injector. Oil is drawn from the engine oil sump and supplied trough the filter to the high pressure pump. The high pressure oil pump is an axial piston pump, and it raises the system’s oil pressure to the actuation pressure level typically between 4 and 23MPa. This high pressure oil flows through lines into the oil common rail located near the injector. The rail stores the oil at actuation pressure adjusted by the rail pressure control valve (RPCV). The ECU reads engine sensors to identify the engine’s current operating condition and produces the waveform required to drive the HEUI injector solenoid. When the ECU gives a control pulse, the solenoid is energized moving the poppet valve from the lower to the upper seat. This action admits high pressure oil to the spring cavity and the passage to the intensifier piston. As the piston and plunger move downward, the pressure of the fuel below the plunger rises, and the nozzle needle lifts allowing injection to occur. Injection continues until the solenoid is de-energized and the poppet moves from the upper to lower seat, blocking oil flow. The plunger return spring returns the piston and plunger to their initial position. As the plunger returns, it draws replenishing fuel into the plunger chamber across a ball check valve. Since the ratio of areas between the intensifier piston and plunger is 7, the actual injection pressure can reach 30~150MPa. Pre-Injection Metering (PRIME) is HEUI’s rate shaping device. When the plunger moves downward, pre-injection occurs before main injection through a precious spill hole. Figure 2 shows a representational cross section of the HEUI injector. 3. ECU STRUCTURE In electronically controlled common rail system, the major operation parameters are injection quantity and injection timing controlled by High-speed Solenoid Valve (HSV) in the injector. The basic injection quantity is determined by common rail pressure, engine speed and pedal position signal, and other supplementary signals such as atmosphere pressure and oil temperature make modification to the basic injection quantity. A closed loop control strategy is used to stabilize the speed. Figure 3 is the block diagram of speed control principle. The ECU consists of microcontroller, input circuit, HSV drive circuit and display module. The central part of ECU is the microcontroller (MCU). Motorola’s serious MCU has become an industrial standard in engine control. Both GM Inc. and Caterpillar Inc. adopted Motorola’s MCU in their electronically controlled engine products and made remarkable result. In this paper, the high-performance 8-bit MC68HC908 GP32 MCU is employed to accomplish control functions, and this chip owns the following advantages: (1)32 Kbytes of FLASH memory with in-chip programming capabilities and in-chip programming firmware for use with host personal computer which does not require high voltage to entry (2)8 MHz internal bus frequency and clock generator module with 32-KHz crystal compatible Phase Lock Loop (PLL) (3)Two 16-bit, 2-channel timer interface modules with selectable input capture, output compare, and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) capability on each channel (4)8-channel, 8-bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to satisfy multi-input requirement (5)System protection features such as optional computer operating properly (COP) rest, low-voltage detection with optional rest and illegal address detection with rest 3.2 Input circuit of ECU The top dead center (TDC) signal of cylinder must be detected first for precious timing control. A signal plate is installed on the rim of flywheel. When the engine piston arrives at the top dead center position, the signal plate moves faced to a magnetoelectric sensor, and then the TDC signal comes into being. A reshaping circuit is used to regular this signal to supply MCU for input capture. A rotary timing wheel is attached to the engine crank shift, and produces 720 standard square waves every cycle. The engine speed can be calculated in MCU using these signals, and coordinating with TDC signal, the exact moment of HSV operation is determined with a tolerance of less than 0.5 crankshaft angle. The analog signals such as oil pressure, oil temperature and pedal signal are induced to ECU’s AD channel through an amplify circuit and a modulate circuit. 3.3 HSV drive circuit The HSV in injector undertakes the task of injection control. Fast-open is needed to ensure exact injection timing and forming high pressure quickly, and fast-close is required to satisfy shutting off quickly and unloading stably. The dynamic response characteristics of the injector affect the main performance of injection system directly. In order to create strong force to overcome the resistance of return spring, a 60V high-voltage is adopted for the solenoid, and the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control method is used to keep the holding current. Figure 4 shows the principle of drive circuit. When the MCU gives an injection control pulse, the injector gets 60V high voltage, and the current in solenoid rises quickly according to the system resistance and inductance. 1ms later, the circuit turns to PWM mode, and the average current of PWM pulse keeps the valve open with low power dissipation. The maximum open current is 4 ampere and the average holding current is 1.5 ampere. This operation mode ensures the injector to run reliably in a long term. 3.4 Display circuit In order to acquire engine real-time status, DM-162, a character liquid crystal diode (LCD) display chip, is used to monitor the engine speed, injection timing and injection pulse width. The small-size DM-162 expends low power, and stores 160 different array character graphs in its internal character generator. It has convenient interface to MCU, and it is easy to accomplish the display function by giving the corresponding character storing address in software. 3.5 ECU software structure The control software is edited by Motorola assembly language, and it includes the following modules. (1)Injection control module: On the condition of the common rail acquiring stable pressure from pump, the MCU calculates the injection quantity on the basis of engine speed and pedal position signal. After modification, the MCU produce a corresponding pulse to the HSV drive circuit. A closed loop control algorithmic is used to adjust the injection quantity to stabilize engine speed. The injection timing in different engine operation mode is acquired by software table-look-up method. (2)Data acquisition and process module: This module scans the signals from various sensors, and use software filtering to eliminate false signals due to engine disturbance. (3)Display module: According to the display demand, the engine speed, the crankshaft angle of starting injection and injection pulse width are showed in different position of the LCD screen. In every software cycle, the data refresh to keep the real-time engine status. (4)Malfunction process module: This module judges whether the signals from sensors exceed its limited value. When a serious error occurs, the MCU turns off for safety. 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After finishing the development of electronically controlled common rail fuel system, long tube method is used to measure the injection characteristics of HEUI injector. A long tube mechanism is attached to injector fuel outlet for realizing this method, and a high-precision pressure sensor is used to gather the fuel pressure information in the long tube. The injection rate and injection quantity per-cycle can be calculated according to pressure wave transmission theory. In practical treatment, formula (1) to (4) are applied for calculation. (1? (2) The injection quantity on a time basis for one cycle under different common rail pressure and control pulse width are shown in figure 5. The relationship between them can be seen from this figure. (1)Under a fixed common rail oil pressure, the injection quantity increases proportionally with pulse width in a certain rang. Under a fixed pulse width, when the common rail oil pressure rises, the injection quantity increases correspondingly. (2)The control pulse width and common rail oil pressure determine the opening properties of HSV. When the pulse coming from MCU is less than 0.8ms, the HSV can not get enough response time for action. If the oil pressure in the common rail is fairly low, the intensifier piston accelerates slowly, therefore the fuel can not acquire enough pressure to open the nozzle in very short time. For example, when the common rail oil pressure is 5MPa, the injection does not occur until 1.5ms-width pulse exerts on the solenoid. (3)The volume of plunger chamber determines that the maximum injection quantity in one cycle is 88mg/cycle (66ml/min). With the increase of common rail oil pressure, the pulse width to achieve the maximum injection quantity decreases correspondingly. 4.2 Effect of pressure and pulse width on pre-injection Pre-injection can adjust the initial portion of fuel delivery to control the amount of fuel delivered during ignition delay and main injection. It makes the fuel in main injection to burn quickly and stably. This process modifies the heat release characteristics and is beneficial in achieving low emission and noise levels. Figure 6 shows the effect of pressure and pulse width on pre-injection ratio. (1)Under a fixed pulse width, the pre-injection ratio presents decline tendency with the decrease of the common rail pressure. However, the over-low common rail pressure makes pre-injection ratio rising. This result appears because the flow duration of the spill hole in the PRIME is quite short under a higher common rail pressure, and this makes the pre-injection quantity keep unchanged, so the pre-injection ratio decreases with the total injection quantity increasing. When the common rail pressure changes at a lower level, the spilling time increases apparently, therefore the proportion of pre-injection quantity adds correspondingly. (2)Under a fixed common rail pressure, the extension of control pulse width causes the increase of total injection quantity before it reaches the maximum value, accordingly the pre-injection ratio decreases. 4.3 Effect of pressure on injection rate Figure 8 presents the injection rate shape in various control pulse width when the common rail pressure maintains 10MPa. The injection duration and injection quantity increase significantly with the extension of pulse width, but the injection rate keeps invariant mainly on the whole. To conclude from figure 7 and figure 8, the main factor of affecting injection rate is common rail pressure, and the pulse width is the main factor of affecting injection duration. On the basis of the result, the injection characteristic can be controlled flexibly to satisfy the practical engine operation. 5. CONCLUSION The electronically controlled common rail fuel system opens many opportunities for improving engine performance, and the injection control is the most important part of this system. Through the development of control system and experimental research, the following conclusion can be obtained: (1)The exact injection control is achieved by applying MC68HC908 GP32 microcontroller to the ECU. Long tube method is a convenient and precious means to measure the injection process of fuel system, and the injection characteristics acquired from this method provides the foundation of soft engine operation. (2)The structure of the injector determines the maximum injection quantity in one cycle and the minimum pulse width to open the valve. (3)The desired injection characteristics can be realized by controlling the common rail pressure and pulse width coordinately. The common rail pressure makes major effect on the injection rate, while pulse width makes major effect on the injection duration. (4) The injection rate and injection duration of electronically controlled common rail system are independent on the engine load and speed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50136040 and No.50276035). The authors wish to express their gratitude to Li Shuze and Lu Xingcai for their contributions to this paper. REFERENCE 1. S.F. Glassey, A.R. Stockner, M.A. Flinn. HEUI-A New Direction for Diesel Engine Fuel Systems. SAE paper 930270. 2. A.R. Stockner, M.A. Flinn, F.A. Camplin. Development of the HEUI Fuel System Integration of Design, Simulation, Test, and Manufacturing. SAE paper 930271. 3. Nobor Uchida, Kiyohiro Shimokawa, Yugo Kudo, Masatosh Shimoda. Combustion Optimization by Means of Common Rail Injection System for Heavy-duty Diesel Engines. SAE paper 982679 4. Brien Fulton, Louis Leviticus. Variable Injection Timing Effects on the Performance and emission of A Direct Engine. SAE paper 932385. 5. David A. Richeson, Richard W. Amann. The Electronically Controlled 6.5L Diesel Engine. SAE paper 932983. 6. Yoshihisa Yamaki, Hiroshi Kamikubo, Susumu Kohketsu, Kohji Mori, Tetsuro Kato. Application of Common Rail, Fuel Injection System to a Heavey-duty Diesel Engine. SAE paper 942294. Research Papers on Design and Experimental Research of Electronically Controlled Common Rail System for Diesel Engines - Engineering Research PaperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part One

Free Essays on Mexico Stats

Mexico History - Independence from Spain was proclaimed by Father Miguel Hidalgo on September 16, 1810. - A republic was proclaimed in December 1822 and established in 1824. - Augustin de Iturbide, defeated the Spaniards and ruled as Mexican emperor from 1822- 1823. - Napoleon III of France established as Emperor of Mexico, was deposed by Juarez and executed in 1867. - The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), is the most important political force in the nation. - For almost 70 years, Mexico's national government has been controlled by the PRI. - The PRI has won every presidential race and most gubernatorial races. Economy - Sustained economic growth is vital to Mexico's prospects for a successful evolution to a more competitive democracy. - In recent years, Mexico has sought economic prosperity through liberalization of its trade regime. - In January 1994, Mexico joined Canada and the United States in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which will phase out all tariffs over a 15-year period. - Four months later, in April 1994, Mexico joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). - Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC), when they joined in 1993, and in January 1996, became a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). - In 1996, Mexico's economy grew over 5%, recovering from the recession more briskly than anticipated. Inflation fell, unemployment fell, and the peso stabilized. - Mexican real GDP grew about 7% in 1997. Politics - The Congress is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. - The executive is the dominant branch, with power vested in the president. - Consecutive re-election is prohibited. Senators are elected to 6-year terms. - Deputies serve 3-year terms. ... Free Essays on Mexico Stats Free Essays on Mexico Stats Mexico History - Independence from Spain was proclaimed by Father Miguel Hidalgo on September 16, 1810. - A republic was proclaimed in December 1822 and established in 1824. - Augustin de Iturbide, defeated the Spaniards and ruled as Mexican emperor from 1822- 1823. - Napoleon III of France established as Emperor of Mexico, was deposed by Juarez and executed in 1867. - The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), is the most important political force in the nation. - For almost 70 years, Mexico's national government has been controlled by the PRI. - The PRI has won every presidential race and most gubernatorial races. Economy - Sustained economic growth is vital to Mexico's prospects for a successful evolution to a more competitive democracy. - In recent years, Mexico has sought economic prosperity through liberalization of its trade regime. - In January 1994, Mexico joined Canada and the United States in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which will phase out all tariffs over a 15-year period. - Four months later, in April 1994, Mexico joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). - Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC), when they joined in 1993, and in January 1996, became a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). - In 1996, Mexico's economy grew over 5%, recovering from the recession more briskly than anticipated. Inflation fell, unemployment fell, and the peso stabilized. - Mexican real GDP grew about 7% in 1997. Politics - The Congress is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. - The executive is the dominant branch, with power vested in the president. - Consecutive re-election is prohibited. Senators are elected to 6-year terms. - Deputies serve 3-year terms. ...

Discuss the historical poetics relation with The Devil's Backbone, Essay

Discuss the historical poetics relation with The Devil's Backbone, focus on two close analysis of two sequences - Essay Example The method of production itself includes the principles that determine how the project was composed, the effects, functions and uses of the project and the basic rules that govern cinematography and how they have been applied in the film. The historical poetics of a film mainly seeks to answer two main questions: Horror films are a multifaceted construct whose development and poetics are shaped by a wide array of artistic and historical factors, such that they can only be completely appreciated by considering influences and its predecessors. Apart from this, it is also important to assess the aesthetic distinction employed in these films in the historical and cultural setting that shape them (Gomez-Castellano, 2013). According to LÃ ¡zaro-Reboll (2007, pp.39), Horror is a literary prose described by three important factors, artistic intent (triggering suspense, terror or fear), specific themes (the discord between natural and supernatural), and sufficient motifs (involving presentation of otherness as compared to the norm). Historical poetics is regarded as the outcome of assimilating the director’s poetics with particular artistic and literary influences that affect the fears prevailing in particular periods as well as the form in which they are represented. In the devil’s backbone, various constructional principles have been utilized to make it a truly poetic film. The opening sequence of the film presents a good understanding of historical poetics through symbolism and imagery. In this sequence, a voice over narration plays over the death of Santi and the falling bomb. The narration brings on an argument of what a ghost is. The film then presents a disturbing image of a deformed baby inside a jar suspended in fluid. In the voice over narration, the director uses a rhetoric that strives to gain the audience’s agreement to the