Design and Experimental Research of Electronically Controlled Common Rail System for Diesel Engines †Engineering Research Paper

Design and Experimental Research of Electronically Controlled Common Rail System for Diesel Engines – Engineering Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Design and Experimental Research of Electronically Controlled Common Rail System for Diesel Engines Engineering Research Paper ABSTRACT The electronically controlled common rail system presents many advantages, because the injection timing and common rail pressure can be controlled independently. An electronic control unit(ECU) to realize control functions is developed, and serious experiments about the injection system are conducted. The purpose of this project is to study the factors that affect injection characteristics. The results indicate that the injector has faster response when the common rail pressure rises, increasing the injection rate. One the other hand, the extension of control pulse width adds the valve open time, which increases the injection duration. The flexible injection characteristics can be acquired by controlling common rail pressure and pulse width coordinately. 1.INTRODUCTION With the increasing concern of the environment and more stringent government regulation on exhaust emissions, the reduction of engine emissions is a major research objective in engine development. In order to improve the engine’s emission performance, various technologies are adopted such as electronically controlled common rail system, clean alternative fuel, high efficient combustion organization, advanced turbo charging, exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) and advanced after treatment technology. The harmful emissions are generated in combustion process, so realizing ideal injection characteristics is one of the key aspects to improve combustion and reduce emissions. Electronically controlled common rail fuel injection system has been accepted as one leading technology in diesel engines, and this system has the following advantages: (1)The injection pressure and injection quantity can be adjusted and acquired flexibly. With high injection pressure independent of engine load and speed, the NOx and PM emissions can be minimized to meet the requirement of emissions regulation and optimize the engine performance. (2)The common rail installed between oil pump and injectors functions as a reservoir, and the fluctuation of oil from oil pump is stabled in the common rail, so the disturbance between injectors is decreased greatly. (3)Exact injection timing and injection duration can be realized with electronic control unit (ECU) over the entire engine load and speed range. (4)It is easy to package this system to a traditional diesel engine without much change. This paper discusses the configuration of an electronically controlled common rail system based on Caterpilar HEUI (Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injection) injector, and introduces the development of ECU hardware and software. Long tube method is used to investigate the characteristics of the fuel injection system, and the result shows how the common rail pressure and control pulse affect the injection characteristics, which provides the foundation of soft engine control. 2. SYSTEM OPERATION Figure 1 is a schematic of the electronically controlled common rail system based on HEUI injector. This system is comprised of oil and fuel adjusting structure, HEUI injector, electronic control unit(ECU) and various sensor. Note this system incorporates two fluid circuits, fuel and oil. The fuel circuit provides fuel to the injector. The fuel transfer pump draws fuel from the fuel tank and delivers it through a filter to the injector. System pressure is 0.2MPa typically. The oil circuit generates high pressure oil needed for HEUI injector. Oil is drawn from the engine oil sump and supplied trough the filter to the high pressure pump. The high pressure oil pump is an axial piston pump, and it raises the system’s oil pressure to the actuation pressure level typically between 4 and 23MPa. This high pressure oil flows through lines into the oil common rail located near the injector. The rail stores the oil at actuation pressure adjusted by the rail pressure control valve (RPCV). The ECU reads engine sensors to identify the engine’s current operating condition and produces the waveform required to drive the HEUI injector solenoid. When the ECU gives a control pulse, the solenoid is energized moving the poppet valve from the lower to the upper seat. This action admits high pressure oil to the spring cavity and the passage to the intensifier piston. As the piston and plunger move downward, the pressure of the fuel below the plunger rises, and the nozzle needle lifts allowing injection to occur. Injection continues until the solenoid is de-energized and the poppet moves from the upper to lower seat, blocking oil flow. The plunger return spring returns the piston and plunger to their initial position. As the plunger returns, it draws replenishing fuel into the plunger chamber across a ball check valve. Since the ratio of areas between the intensifier piston and plunger is 7, the actual injection pressure can reach 30~150MPa. Pre-Injection Metering (PRIME) is HEUI’s rate shaping device. When the plunger moves downward, pre-injection occurs before main injection through a precious spill hole. Figure 2 shows a representational cross section of the HEUI injector. 3. ECU STRUCTURE In electronically controlled common rail system, the major operation parameters are injection quantity and injection timing controlled by High-speed Solenoid Valve (HSV) in the injector. The basic injection quantity is determined by common rail pressure, engine speed and pedal position signal, and other supplementary signals such as atmosphere pressure and oil temperature make modification to the basic injection quantity. A closed loop control strategy is used to stabilize the speed. Figure 3 is the block diagram of speed control principle. The ECU consists of microcontroller, input circuit, HSV drive circuit and display module. The central part of ECU is the microcontroller (MCU). Motorola’s serious MCU has become an industrial standard in engine control. Both GM Inc. and Caterpillar Inc. adopted Motorola’s MCU in their electronically controlled engine products and made remarkable result. In this paper, the high-performance 8-bit MC68HC908 GP32 MCU is employed to accomplish control functions, and this chip owns the following advantages: (1)32 Kbytes of FLASH memory with in-chip programming capabilities and in-chip programming firmware for use with host personal computer which does not require high voltage to entry (2)8 MHz internal bus frequency and clock generator module with 32-KHz crystal compatible Phase Lock Loop (PLL) (3)Two 16-bit, 2-channel timer interface modules with selectable input capture, output compare, and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) capability on each channel (4)8-channel, 8-bit successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to satisfy multi-input requirement (5)System protection features such as optional computer operating properly (COP) rest, low-voltage detection with optional rest and illegal address detection with rest 3.2 Input circuit of ECU The top dead center (TDC) signal of cylinder must be detected first for precious timing control. A signal plate is installed on the rim of flywheel. When the engine piston arrives at the top dead center position, the signal plate moves faced to a magnetoelectric sensor, and then the TDC signal comes into being. A reshaping circuit is used to regular this signal to supply MCU for input capture. A rotary timing wheel is attached to the engine crank shift, and produces 720 standard square waves every cycle. The engine speed can be calculated in MCU using these signals, and coordinating with TDC signal, the exact moment of HSV operation is determined with a tolerance of less than 0.5 crankshaft angle. The analog signals such as oil pressure, oil temperature and pedal signal are induced to ECU’s AD channel through an amplify circuit and a modulate circuit. 3.3 HSV drive circuit The HSV in injector undertakes the task of injection control. Fast-open is needed to ensure exact injection timing and forming high pressure quickly, and fast-close is required to satisfy shutting off quickly and unloading stably. The dynamic response characteristics of the injector affect the main performance of injection system directly. In order to create strong force to overcome the resistance of return spring, a 60V high-voltage is adopted for the solenoid, and the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control method is used to keep the holding current. Figure 4 shows the principle of drive circuit. When the MCU gives an injection control pulse, the injector gets 60V high voltage, and the current in solenoid rises quickly according to the system resistance and inductance. 1ms later, the circuit turns to PWM mode, and the average current of PWM pulse keeps the valve open with low power dissipation. The maximum open current is 4 ampere and the average holding current is 1.5 ampere. This operation mode ensures the injector to run reliably in a long term. 3.4 Display circuit In order to acquire engine real-time status, DM-162, a character liquid crystal diode (LCD) display chip, is used to monitor the engine speed, injection timing and injection pulse width. The small-size DM-162 expends low power, and stores 160 different array character graphs in its internal character generator. It has convenient interface to MCU, and it is easy to accomplish the display function by giving the corresponding character storing address in software. 3.5 ECU software structure The control software is edited by Motorola assembly language, and it includes the following modules. (1)Injection control module: On the condition of the common rail acquiring stable pressure from pump, the MCU calculates the injection quantity on the basis of engine speed and pedal position signal. After modification, the MCU produce a corresponding pulse to the HSV drive circuit. A closed loop control algorithmic is used to adjust the injection quantity to stabilize engine speed. The injection timing in different engine operation mode is acquired by software table-look-up method. (2)Data acquisition and process module: This module scans the signals from various sensors, and use software filtering to eliminate false signals due to engine disturbance. (3)Display module: According to the display demand, the engine speed, the crankshaft angle of starting injection and injection pulse width are showed in different position of the LCD screen. In every software cycle, the data refresh to keep the real-time engine status. (4)Malfunction process module: This module judges whether the signals from sensors exceed its limited value. When a serious error occurs, the MCU turns off for safety. 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After finishing the development of electronically controlled common rail fuel system, long tube method is used to measure the injection characteristics of HEUI injector. A long tube mechanism is attached to injector fuel outlet for realizing this method, and a high-precision pressure sensor is used to gather the fuel pressure information in the long tube. The injection rate and injection quantity per-cycle can be calculated according to pressure wave transmission theory. In practical treatment, formula (1) to (4) are applied for calculation. (1? (2) The injection quantity on a time basis for one cycle under different common rail pressure and control pulse width are shown in figure 5. The relationship between them can be seen from this figure. (1)Under a fixed common rail oil pressure, the injection quantity increases proportionally with pulse width in a certain rang. Under a fixed pulse width, when the common rail oil pressure rises, the injection quantity increases correspondingly. (2)The control pulse width and common rail oil pressure determine the opening properties of HSV. When the pulse coming from MCU is less than 0.8ms, the HSV can not get enough response time for action. If the oil pressure in the common rail is fairly low, the intensifier piston accelerates slowly, therefore the fuel can not acquire enough pressure to open the nozzle in very short time. For example, when the common rail oil pressure is 5MPa, the injection does not occur until 1.5ms-width pulse exerts on the solenoid. (3)The volume of plunger chamber determines that the maximum injection quantity in one cycle is 88mg/cycle (66ml/min). With the increase of common rail oil pressure, the pulse width to achieve the maximum injection quantity decreases correspondingly. 4.2 Effect of pressure and pulse width on pre-injection Pre-injection can adjust the initial portion of fuel delivery to control the amount of fuel delivered during ignition delay and main injection. It makes the fuel in main injection to burn quickly and stably. This process modifies the heat release characteristics and is beneficial in achieving low emission and noise levels. Figure 6 shows the effect of pressure and pulse width on pre-injection ratio. (1)Under a fixed pulse width, the pre-injection ratio presents decline tendency with the decrease of the common rail pressure. However, the over-low common rail pressure makes pre-injection ratio rising. This result appears because the flow duration of the spill hole in the PRIME is quite short under a higher common rail pressure, and this makes the pre-injection quantity keep unchanged, so the pre-injection ratio decreases with the total injection quantity increasing. When the common rail pressure changes at a lower level, the spilling time increases apparently, therefore the proportion of pre-injection quantity adds correspondingly. (2)Under a fixed common rail pressure, the extension of control pulse width causes the increase of total injection quantity before it reaches the maximum value, accordingly the pre-injection ratio decreases. 4.3 Effect of pressure on injection rate Figure 8 presents the injection rate shape in various control pulse width when the common rail pressure maintains 10MPa. The injection duration and injection quantity increase significantly with the extension of pulse width, but the injection rate keeps invariant mainly on the whole. To conclude from figure 7 and figure 8, the main factor of affecting injection rate is common rail pressure, and the pulse width is the main factor of affecting injection duration. On the basis of the result, the injection characteristic can be controlled flexibly to satisfy the practical engine operation. 5. CONCLUSION The electronically controlled common rail fuel system opens many opportunities for improving engine performance, and the injection control is the most important part of this system. Through the development of control system and experimental research, the following conclusion can be obtained: (1)The exact injection control is achieved by applying MC68HC908 GP32 microcontroller to the ECU. Long tube method is a convenient and precious means to measure the injection process of fuel system, and the injection characteristics acquired from this method provides the foundation of soft engine operation. (2)The structure of the injector determines the maximum injection quantity in one cycle and the minimum pulse width to open the valve. (3)The desired injection characteristics can be realized by controlling the common rail pressure and pulse width coordinately. The common rail pressure makes major effect on the injection rate, while pulse width makes major effect on the injection duration. (4) The injection rate and injection duration of electronically controlled common rail system are independent on the engine load and speed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50136040 and No.50276035). The authors wish to express their gratitude to Li Shuze and Lu Xingcai for their contributions to this paper. REFERENCE 1. S.F. Glassey, A.R. Stockner, M.A. Flinn. HEUI-A New Direction for Diesel Engine Fuel Systems. SAE paper 930270. 2. A.R. Stockner, M.A. Flinn, F.A. Camplin. Development of the HEUI Fuel System Integration of Design, Simulation, Test, and Manufacturing. SAE paper 930271. 3. Nobor Uchida, Kiyohiro Shimokawa, Yugo Kudo, Masatosh Shimoda. Combustion Optimization by Means of Common Rail Injection System for Heavy-duty Diesel Engines. SAE paper 982679 4. Brien Fulton, Louis Leviticus. Variable Injection Timing Effects on the Performance and emission of A Direct Engine. SAE paper 932385. 5. David A. Richeson, Richard W. Amann. The Electronically Controlled 6.5L Diesel Engine. SAE paper 932983. 6. Yoshihisa Yamaki, Hiroshi Kamikubo, Susumu Kohketsu, Kohji Mori, Tetsuro Kato. Application of Common Rail, Fuel Injection System to a Heavey-duty Diesel Engine. SAE paper 942294. Research Papers on Design and Experimental Research of Electronically Controlled Common Rail System for Diesel Engines - Engineering Research PaperRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part One

Free Essays on Mexico Stats

Mexico History - Independence from Spain was proclaimed by Father Miguel Hidalgo on September 16, 1810. - A republic was proclaimed in December 1822 and established in 1824. - Augustin de Iturbide, defeated the Spaniards and ruled as Mexican emperor from 1822- 1823. - Napoleon III of France established as Emperor of Mexico, was deposed by Juarez and executed in 1867. - The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), is the most important political force in the nation. - For almost 70 years, Mexico's national government has been controlled by the PRI. - The PRI has won every presidential race and most gubernatorial races. Economy - Sustained economic growth is vital to Mexico's prospects for a successful evolution to a more competitive democracy. - In recent years, Mexico has sought economic prosperity through liberalization of its trade regime. - In January 1994, Mexico joined Canada and the United States in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which will phase out all tariffs over a 15-year period. - Four months later, in April 1994, Mexico joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). - Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC), when they joined in 1993, and in January 1996, became a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). - In 1996, Mexico's economy grew over 5%, recovering from the recession more briskly than anticipated. Inflation fell, unemployment fell, and the peso stabilized. - Mexican real GDP grew about 7% in 1997. Politics - The Congress is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. - The executive is the dominant branch, with power vested in the president. - Consecutive re-election is prohibited. Senators are elected to 6-year terms. - Deputies serve 3-year terms. ... Free Essays on Mexico Stats Free Essays on Mexico Stats Mexico History - Independence from Spain was proclaimed by Father Miguel Hidalgo on September 16, 1810. - A republic was proclaimed in December 1822 and established in 1824. - Augustin de Iturbide, defeated the Spaniards and ruled as Mexican emperor from 1822- 1823. - Napoleon III of France established as Emperor of Mexico, was deposed by Juarez and executed in 1867. - The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), is the most important political force in the nation. - For almost 70 years, Mexico's national government has been controlled by the PRI. - The PRI has won every presidential race and most gubernatorial races. Economy - Sustained economic growth is vital to Mexico's prospects for a successful evolution to a more competitive democracy. - In recent years, Mexico has sought economic prosperity through liberalization of its trade regime. - In January 1994, Mexico joined Canada and the United States in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which will phase out all tariffs over a 15-year period. - Four months later, in April 1994, Mexico joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). - Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC), when they joined in 1993, and in January 1996, became a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). - In 1996, Mexico's economy grew over 5%, recovering from the recession more briskly than anticipated. Inflation fell, unemployment fell, and the peso stabilized. - Mexican real GDP grew about 7% in 1997. Politics - The Congress is composed of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. - The executive is the dominant branch, with power vested in the president. - Consecutive re-election is prohibited. Senators are elected to 6-year terms. - Deputies serve 3-year terms. ...

Discuss the historical poetics relation with The Devil's Backbone, Essay

Discuss the historical poetics relation with The Devil's Backbone, focus on two close analysis of two sequences - Essay Example The method of production itself includes the principles that determine how the project was composed, the effects, functions and uses of the project and the basic rules that govern cinematography and how they have been applied in the film. The historical poetics of a film mainly seeks to answer two main questions: Horror films are a multifaceted construct whose development and poetics are shaped by a wide array of artistic and historical factors, such that they can only be completely appreciated by considering influences and its predecessors. Apart from this, it is also important to assess the aesthetic distinction employed in these films in the historical and cultural setting that shape them (Gomez-Castellano, 2013). According to LÃ ¡zaro-Reboll (2007, pp.39), Horror is a literary prose described by three important factors, artistic intent (triggering suspense, terror or fear), specific themes (the discord between natural and supernatural), and sufficient motifs (involving presentation of otherness as compared to the norm). Historical poetics is regarded as the outcome of assimilating the director’s poetics with particular artistic and literary influences that affect the fears prevailing in particular periods as well as the form in which they are represented. In the devil’s backbone, various constructional principles have been utilized to make it a truly poetic film. The opening sequence of the film presents a good understanding of historical poetics through symbolism and imagery. In this sequence, a voice over narration plays over the death of Santi and the falling bomb. The narration brings on an argument of what a ghost is. The film then presents a disturbing image of a deformed baby inside a jar suspended in fluid. In the voice over narration, the director uses a rhetoric that strives to gain the audience’s agreement to the

Comparison of Fascism and Communism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison of Fascism and Communism - Essay Example However what should primarily be of our interest is that they were adversaries of reason. They were the biggest expressions of naked reason. All socialist theories including communism and fascism were not liberal, or governed by moral or religious norms. Democracy brought reason with it in this world. The democratic theories of French Revolution are an exemplary idea of that period. France was decristianized because religion was deemed as irrational and unimportant. The crucifies were dragged on the streets, priests were decapitated and churches smashed. The Notre Dame Cathedral was given a new name, â€Å"the Temple of Reason.† Inside the Cathedral, a gimcrack structure of Greco-Roman was constructed made up of papier-mache and linen and also a toga-clad opera singer who kept playing part of Liberty as the Flame of Reason ornamented the place. A ‘Feast of Reason’ was also celebrated in Saint Jean Cathedral where all the supplicants sang the anti-hymns orchestrati ng Reason as the Supreme Power (Gairdner). Hitler proudly laughed at the beginning of World War II that the upcoming revolution is ours which is National Socialism is the correct opposite of French Revolution. Micheal Oakeshott, a British philosopher, concluded communism, National Socialism, and fascism as policies of representative democracy which is the guide of the former. According to G.K. Chesterton, a passionate person is the one who have nothing but reason. These include not having standards of decency and moral norms but just logic. Reason without the norms of society is just a failure. It is true for all nations. Another witty person said that neither communism nor fascism was a decline into dark ages or going away from reason, but they were rather concerned with fulfillment. It is the irony of our past and also a warning to future (Gairdner). In Obama’s speech in Cairo, democracy was the fourth issue he brought up.

Kant on Time as A Priori Essay Example for Free

Kant on Time as A Priori Essay Immanuel Kant presented a series of arguments regarding the nature of time. He sought to prove that time is innate in the sensibility of all human beings and that it is independent of the material world and argued that time belongs to experience as an a priori form of intuition (Kant, 74). In his Critique of Pure Reason, he claimed that time is a priori instead of being a permeating feature of mind-independent reality. He also argued that the nature of time as an element of the universe is sensible instead of conceptual which the mind   compels upon experience (75). He arrived at the conclusion that time could not independently exist or be associated to other objects as a verifiable entity. He claimed time to be the form of inner sense and maintained that time is â€Å"It is the immediate condition of inner appearances (of our souls), and thereby the mediate condition of outer appearances.†Ã‚   (77).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first of Kants arguments regarding time as an a priori form of sensibility states that it is a necessity for our understanding of   simultaneity and succession to be preconceived since they are generated in our minds prior to our experience of simultaneous but successive moments in time (75). Kant claims: â€Å"Time is not an empirical concept that has been derived from any experience. For neither coexistence nor succession would ever come within our perception,   if the representation of time were not presupposed as underlying them a priori. Only on the presupposition of time can we represent to ourselves a number of things as existing at one and the same time (simultaneously) or at different times (successively).†Ã‚   (74) By stating that â€Å"Only under its presuppositions can one represent that several things exist at one and the same time   or in different times,† (74) Kant, in essence, is implying that concepts can not made on the basis of perception unless we have a preconceived notion of such concept. For example, our notion of a â€Å"dog† could not be a concept which is based on our experience since our mind would not be able to perceive it we did not have an idea of a â€Å"dog† which was based on a preconceived notion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, even with Gardners explanation, Kants argument is still unpersuasive. It fails to offer us sufficient reasons to agree that a preconceived notion of time is a necessary prerequisite of the perception of time. This argument is not compelling enough to weaken how time is viewed in the common sense because it begs a faulty conclusion that if this was so, our notion of color should also be a priori. Consequently, with this argument, the logical assumption about time would be that â€Å"because the notion of time is conjured simultaneously with representing the world of material objects, it cannot be based on perception of material objects. The basic view of the nature of time actually remains definite as the properties of time, which exists in and all the objects of the universe, are perceived through our experiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kants second argument tries to prove that time is an a priori form of intuition by arguing that it is possible to consider time without any appearances of any material object but it is not possible to consider any material object without the appearance of time. Kant argues: â€Å"Time is a necessary representation that underlies all intuitions. We cannot, in respect of appearances in general,remove time itself, though we can quite well think time as void of appearances. Time is, therefore, given a priori. In it alone is actuality of appearances possible at all. Appearances may, one and all, vanish; but time (as the universal condition of their possibility) cannot itself be removed..† (74-75) However, if we take this argument into consideration, it would then be logically imperative to conclude that space embodies the of outer sense or time embodies the inner appearance however this conclusion, albeit sound based on the provisions of the Kants argument, actually contradicts the text itself .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All in all, Kants arguments fail to mitigate the strong points of the common sense view of time which is, that time is a pervasive feature of the world. His arguments do not offer conclusive ideas. Although he tries to provide empirical evidences to his arguments by referencing his claims with the realities of experience, his arguments imply assumptions that when interpreted do not necessarily hold true. His theory requires a vital premise, that our notions of time and space are a priori, and it requires it to be granted in the onset however he offers no compelling argument. This vital premise caused the undoing of his entire theory. Works Cited Kant, Immanuel. The Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Kemp-Smith, Norman. Palgrave Macmillan, 1995.

Akhilleauss Pride Essay -- essays research papers

Akhilleus’s Pride The Iliad is a classic story of a Greek warrior, named Akhilleus, whose anger causes many soldiers to die during the Trojan War. When Akhilleus becomes angry, there seems to be nothing that can stop him from totally destroying his enemy. While many consider anger to be the primary factor in motivating Akhilleus, the main reason Akhilleus acts the way he does is because he is extremely self-centered. Initially, Akhilleus lets his pride control him when King Agamemnon takes his prize possession, Briseis, away from him. Akhilleus begins to sulk and declares he will take his army and go home. Feeling dishonored, Akhilleus goes to his mother, Thetis, and requests her to go to Zeus and petition his assistance in dealing with Agamemnon. Akhilleus states to his mother, â€Å"If he ...

Mini Case Ch

What appears to be the problem areas in the Hobby Horse Company? The problem with Hobby Horse Company is that they were having a tough year throughout 2011. The company has $45 million loan that is due at the end of September, however the company does not have the means to cover the cost of the loan. Looking at the financial statement the company has fairly high leverage where their equity is not as strong. In addition, their current assets don't cover current liabilities-?meaning that the company is not as liquid.For the year 201 1, shareholders would not be better off in terms of investing in his company due to low return on capital for that year. For shareholders to actually benefit from this, earning a higher return would allow them to invest on their own in financial markets. Shareholders want the companies to invest only in projects for which the return on capital is at least as great as the cost Of capital. 2. What questions do the financial ratios Suggest that Ms.Plant and Mr .. Green need to address during their meeting with H Management. Some questions Ms. Plant and Mr.. Green need to address during their meeting with H management is the asset turnover in order to measure the efficiency of he entire asset base in order to turn them over more quickly. Looking at the operating profit margin would allow the company to measure the proportion of the sales that are in the profits and create plans to increase them each year.In analyzing the debt ratio, the managers need to take a deeper look into measuring the financial leverage due to their debt situation with the 545 million dollar loan being due at the end of September. This would put the company at risk for future borrowing since debt increases returns to shareholders in good times and reduces them in bad times. When Hobby Horse borrows money it makes a promise to make a series of interest payments and then to repay the amount that it has borrowed.If profits rise, the debt holders continue to receive only the fixed interest payments creating a gain for the shareholders. For 2011, since their profits were falling, the shareholders received most of the negative impact. Because they borrowed such a large sum of money, they are unable to pay off their debts for that year creating the dilemma of them finding more financing the next year or for extending their current loan. . Should the bank renew Hobby Horse's Agreement?If so what conditions should they place on the renewal. Yes, the bank would be wise in renewing the financial agreement with Hobby Horse. Although 201 1 was a troublesome year for the company the past financial records can show the beneficial growth that H has exemplified. Looking at previous years the company still has room for growth and judging at a single year would not be wise for banks to deny renewal.

Volunteering at East Lansing Health Care for elder people

Reflection Paper Volunteering at East Lansing Health Care for elder people Trough class I learned about the opportunity to volunteer at East Lansing Health Care for elder people. So far, I and have spent 15 hours helping the elderly at the institution. Every day senior people face obstacles that they need help with. First, it is hard for many of them to move and they need help with doing regular things. Second, senior people have much to say and they require moral support. By socializing with the elderly, I help them express their thoughts and ideas. They know that I truly care about them, and they feel safe and open with me.I begin my usual volunteer day by talking with the elderly and keeping the conversation going until they have expressed themselves fully. These people need to be heard and understood – this is what mostly help them with. I provide moral support for the once who need It. Some seniors like to talk about their family and relatives. When I first started workin g at East Lansing Health Care for elder people, I met a resident named He was very friendly and keen to socialize with me. He told me that for him, family means everything and that he always keeps pictures of his family n his drawer. Lulled out his photo album and started introducing me to his family and telling me stories about them. It was very fascinating and interesting. I also showed him my family on the phone, after which started asking me about my family and what they do. It was a very friendly and relaxed conversation that I really enjoyed. A few days ago, I had a quite scientific conversation with one of the residents about the possible consequences of global warming. Was very knowledgeable of the issue and told me many interesting facts that he read in the news.He told me that If our planet warms up by Just four degrees, no permanent Ice will remain on the planet. Also said that should this happen, rising sea levels will threat the humanity. I was amazed at how much passio n this resident had trying to explain me what Is happening to our planet. At the end, asked about my plans for the Thanksgiving. He advised that I go vaults the Great Lakes and enjoy the wonderful nature in that area. Conversations like this really make me feel involved and I get personal satisfaction from the time I am devoting to volunteering.Yesterday, I helped organize a Halloween party for the elders at the facility dining room. We served them food and a cake and made sure they were engaged in the party. I think events like this help the elders come together and remember their youth. I could see Joy in their eyes as they sang a country song together. Overall, I believe that my service benefits the community. Moreover, I am certain that volunteering experience also benefits me. First, it broadens my horizons by connecting me with the segment of the population I would not normally encounter In my day-to-day life on campus.Through volunteering, I am able to see a clearer picture o f the American society, which Is making me more aware. Moreover, by leaving my comfort zone. I am able to develop. Second, through volunteering I am people. In the future, I am also planning to volunteer at East Lansing Refugee Development Center and help refugees from all over the world. I am sure I will be able to help refugees with adapting to the American culture and getting over with the past. Many friends ask me, why do you volunteer? I usually respond that I feel like it is my moral obligation to help people.In this particular case, helping the elderly reminds me helping my grandparents and I feel rewarded when they simply say â€Å"Thank you! † or ask â€Å"When will you come again? † I establish personal connections with the elders I help and instill trust in our relationships. We are friends, friends that can help each other for no profit. Thus, my experience volunteering at East Lansing Health Care for elder people has been very positive and rewarding. I pla n to continue volunteering at the organization until the end of semester, and hopefully will be able to benefit many seniors, who need my help and attention.

The evolution of the tennis racket Essays

The evolution of the tennis racket Essays The evolution of the tennis racket Paper The evolution of the tennis racket Paper Until about thirty years ago, wooden rackets were largely the popular rackets used by the majority of tennis players. As the trend to developing new technologies and increasing ones ability to play, new rackets arose from many new companies. These new rackets were made of metal and metal composites as well as included many advantages over the older wooden rackets. However, the introduction of this new generation of rackets proved not to be as valuable to companies and to the game as the wooden rackets were beforehand and thus changed the future of tennis. In the following paper, the new metal rackets of today will be proven to be an elevator for the game of tennis instead of stifling the growth of tennis, contrary to popular expectations. French monks first played tennis in the 11th and 12th centuries using their hands to hit the ball against a wall. Over time, people began to use other mechanisms to hit the ball because the constant pressure on the hand from hitting the ball caused pain. Gloves were the first innovation to the game and a few years later, players used webbed gloves to increase the hitting area. From gloves arose paddles and then the first strung rackets. According to Jeff Cooper, a tennis professional and historian, ancestors of the rackets that we formally know today were widely used by the 14th century (Cooper 1). However, it was not until the 1500s that Italian inventors developed wooden rackets and tennis was first played across nets. Nevertheless, tennis still did not have real rules. According to Jeff Cooper, it was not until the late 1800s that Major Walter Wingfield published the first rules of tennis similar to the tennis rules of today in London (Cooper 1). Shortly following this introduction of the first set of rules, the first serve was hit at Wimbledon signaling the start of the most prestigious tennis tournament in the world. Setting a trend in tournament play, many other tournaments appeared across the world and were also played on grass courts like the courts of Wimbledon. Furthermore, a small group of tennis club members developed the United States National Lawn Tennis Association in 1881, the first governing body of the game of tennis. Most tournaments were played on grass at this time and three out of four Grand Slams were on grass as well. As a result, ideal play was designed for the low bouncing balls on the grass courts and wooden rackets became extremely popular among the players of the world. However, there were no specifications for the types of rackets used. In addition to this, the president of the USTA (which is the current name for the United States Tennis Association that evolved from the USNLTA) stated, You can play with a tomato can on a broomstick, if you think you can win with it. (Tenner 1) Another example of the causality of tennis racket limitations is found in the American Lawn Tennis magazine: The appearance in an English tournament of a player using a racket in each hand occasioned surprise recently. Upon investigation, it was found that there is no rule forbidding such action. Some people think this strange. It is nothing of the kind. A player can use as many rackets, and as many kinds, as he desires; just as he may play with a racket in either his right or left hand, or with both. He does not even have to use a racket, as the term is generally understood. He can use anything that by any stretch of the imagination can be described as a racket. Indeed, there have been cases where, as a special stunt, instead of a racket a barrel stave was used, and even a soda bottle. The laws, properly enough, are not concerned with the kind of racket used; it can be of any size or shape.  Summed up, a player can use to hit the ball any implement that can be regarded as complying with the term racket. About the only thing that cannot legally be used to hit the ball is a players hand or arm. (USLTA 72).

Iranian Politics and Gender Relations essays

Iranian Politics and Gender Relations essays Women and the political process in twentieth-century Iran, by Parvin Paidar is an examination of twentieth-century Iranian politics through the lens of gender relations. Paidar argues that women, and the discourse over gender issues, played a critical role throughout the evolution of Iranian politics. Paidar is particularly concerned with how the of the concept of modernity changed over time, and how these changes affected women in Iran. Paidar breaks the changes in the conception of modernity down into four phases. Each phase differs on its view of gender roles; indeed the role of women is at the heart of each distinction. The first phase covered by Paidar is the discourse of modernity around the time of the Constitutional Revolution. This conception of modernity sought to emulate the western powers. Paidar focuses on how womens emancipation was seen as a necessity for a secular and modern state, as well as how groups of women were instrumental in instigating social change. The second phase took place during what Paidar refers to as the era of nation building. Paidar emphasizes the contingency of this era by highlighting policies as a reaction to practical demands on a newly formed government. Paidar demonstrates how the role of the state was redefined during this period and argues that the definition of modernity came to simultaneously include and reject various western features. Paidars third phase is coined the discourse of modernity in the era of nationalism. In this phase modernity became associated with liberal nationalism. Paidar argues that for the first time since the constitutional revolution nationalism was legitimately expressed outside the structure of the state. The forth phase, the era of modernization, envisioned a modernity that rejected western gender roles. Modernity was constructed along Shii Islamic lines with rhetoric emphasizing tradition when in fact this construction of modernity was continge...

Health and Safety Regulations of NSW and Risk Management Essay

Health and Safety Regulations of NSW and Risk Management - Essay Example According to the discussion, non-compliance issues consist of non-trained health and safety representatives handling important positions in the organization, appointment of ineligible candidates for places like bar and casino, etc. After conducting an audit of the whole situation and deriving the above finding several recommendations, the objectives behind them and a probable time estimate has been clearly mentioned in the action plan in Appendix 2. In Appendix 1 a risk assessment matrix has been developed to highlight the intensity of each hazard or risk that took place in the organization. The major laws which affect most of the business as Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) would be improved to Work Health Safety (WHS). The revised laws have been implemented from the year 2012. According to the new WHS, the focus of the employee should be on the making proper work arrangements and also maintaining good relationships for carrying out the business. The focus of the employer should be on the impact of the workplace, health and safety issues of the employees. Companies have the right to consult with other companies or organization regarding safety and health issues of the organization. The individuals in the organizations would be no longer termed as workers; rather they should be regarded as employees. Implementing health and safety measures in the organization would be given primary importance and the employees also have the right to raise voice if they find that these norms do not meet the standards in their organization. Every employee must hold an entry permit to enter the organization. These are the basic changes that have been made in the new guidelines. Now let us consider the breaches that took place in Titanic Cove Resort (TCR), with reference to WHS laws.

If Posion Gas Can Go, Why not Nukes By James Carroll Essay

If Posion Gas Can Go, Why not Nukes By James Carroll - Essay Example Same patterns prevail today and it is just as difficult to ban the use of nuclear weapons as it was in the past. In the third paragraph, the author says that people hold different opinions on whether chemical weapons should be banned or not. However, the contradiction is only apparent. Actually, no one would keep from using chemical weapons in a war. In the past, the chemical weapon has proved very powerful. Therefore many countries acquired it and used it as required. However, because of the massive destruction to life and property as a result of its use, people have started to consider banning chemical weapon. In the fourth paragraph, the author expresses that there has been peace for a while since the peoples concern about aborting the use of chemical weapons, and no or very little use of chemical weapons has been made. After the World War I, the movement to ban chemical weapon resumed. The poison gas was outlawed by the Geneva Convention. That was similar to banning chemical weapon. However, in the World War II, most countries used chemical weapon once again. In the fifth paragraph, the author highlights how the use of nuclear weapon widened considerably after the World War II. Technologically advanced countries began to possess their own bombs. The mushroom cloud became a real nightmare. Consequently, no one used chemical weapon anymore, as all proceeded to make nuclear weapon and the situation worsened further. The author puts forward an excellent example to explain why it is nearly impossible to abandon nuclear weapon today, just like it was to relinquish chemical weapon in the past. He has presented a lot of facts and statistics to make the whole argument valid through reliable data. The author has maintained a moderate tone throughout the article. He narrates a story in which he tried to present the chemical weapon as an example. With the passage of time, people